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Writer's pictureMark Nguyen, PharmD, BCEMP

PK/PD: Inotropes - #MEDSHED

Updated: Jul 16, 2024

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๐Ÿ“‹ PK/PD: Inotropes - #MEDSHED



๐Ÿ’‰ Inotropes are pharmacologic agents that increase cardiac output and contractility in the setting of acute heart failure with hypoperfusion.



๐Ÿ’‰ Commonly used inotropes include dobutamine, milrinone, and isoproterenol.



๐Ÿ’‰ Dobutamine


Mechanism


B1, B2, A1 agonist


B2 agonism (peripheral vasodilation) counteracts A1 activity (vasoconstriction)



Starting Rate: 2 - 5 mcg/kg/min


Titrate to clinical response


Max Rate: 20 mcg/kg/min



Metabolism


Renal - inactive metabolites



Precautions/Considerations


Ventricular arrhythmias


Reduced efficacy in patients on chronic beta blocker therapy



๐Ÿ’‰ Milrinone


Mechanism


Phosphodiesterase inhibitor --> cAMP mediated increase ionized Ca2+ and contractile force of cardiac muscle



Starting Rate: 0.125 - 0.25 mcg/kg/min


Titrate to clinical response


Dose Range: 0.125 - 0.75 mcg/kg/minute



Metabolism


Hepatic --> excreted as unchanged drug via urine (may accumulate with renal failure)



Precautions/Considerations


Ventricular arrhythmias


Dose reduction with renal insufficiency


Hypotension



๐Ÿ’‰ Isoproterenol


Mechanism


Potent B1, B2 agonist


Dose-dependent hypotension secondary to unopposed B2 agonism



Starting Rate: 1 mcg/min


Titrate to clinical response


Dose Range: 1 - 20 mcg/min



Metabolism


Hepatic via catechol O-methyltransferase



Precautions/Considerations


Ventricular arrhythmias


Hypotension


Reduced efficacy in patients on chronic beta blocker therapy



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Not medical advice. Educational purposes only. No relationships to report.



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